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The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. One factor Elizabeth had to face, which was seen as a huge disadvantage, was her gender. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. It had to deal with Irish . 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. 214 High Street, Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. One was debt. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . The news of the rebellion caused widespread. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. Save. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The Netherlands had been part of the Spanish empire since the 1550s. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. They began to revolt against the Spanish. She was a Protestant. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. VAT reg no 816865400. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. VAT reg no 816865400. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. 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This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. Boston Spa, - navy to firth of Forth. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. Company Reg no: 04489574. Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. Elizabeth I: a biography. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. Doodle's Point of View English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. Boston House, Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page..