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That afternoon, a group of Hitler Youth were waiting for Josef outside the school. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Wait! the sailor cried. Josef jumped, and his mother took a frightened step back. What do you want? I need gasoline! Isabel told him. Come on, Evielets do the bathrooms on A-deck! The girls tore away, and Josef huffed. No! Mahmoud and his family travel through Serbia and into Hungary, where they are detained at a refugee camp that is built like a prison. No one had voted or named him captain, but he had built the boat, after all, and he was the one at the rudder, steering it, so that put him in charge. A black shoe covered the armband before Josef could grab it. Josef clawed at his sheets, but the hands were too strong. Mahmoud had bristled. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Ahmed and Nedhal werent his friends. It was the last straw for the police. In the book, Refugee, who is the author? Ivn, nail. People are rioting in Havana! Isabel said. Couples kissed under palm trees. For decades, the United States had rescued any Cuban refugees they found at sea and taken them to Florida. Put that on. The second time, his boat had a motor, but hed been caught by the Cuban navy and had ended up in jail. Hes going to have his bar mitzvah next Shabbos. A bar mitzvah was the ceremony at which a boy officially became a man under Jewish law. Waleeds eyes were alive, but empty. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. notice him, maybe pull him and his family out of line. People had even broken into the Havana Zoo and eaten the animals, and cats like this little kitten had ended up on dinner tables. There were inflatable rafts. He reared back again to hit Isabel, and she flinched. Two more soldiers crammed themselves into the backseat, and the last one joined Mahmoud and Waleed in the back with their backpacks. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Hed been released from a concentration camp called Dachau, but only on condition that he leave the country within fourteen days. How about Jorge? But everyone seemed to be having fun. Mahmoud Bishara was invisible, and thats exactly how he wanted it. But you have fish to eat. Unfortunately, the boat runs aground onto rocks and pops, dumping all the passengers in the freezing water. Seor Castillo was in charge of the boat. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. And why did it matter which one got there first? Smart. Dozens of them. As Mahmoud and his family travel from Syria to Germany, they become stranded in the Mediterranean sea when their boat capsizes in the water. And how exactly are they going to get better, Mariano? Izzit a good mouser? Yes! Isabel said, though she was sure that even a mouse would give the scrawny thing trouble. They were all quiet a moment more, until her father said, But I dont even have a boat. Isabel nodded. The card tables had been pushed to the sides of the room, and stewards were adding more chairs You shouldnt be leaving Syria, said one of the soldiers. What religion does Josef follow? Josef could barely walk. But, the difficulties persist as the boat is just a rubber dingy. They are reunited with, Mahmoud: Hungary to Germany 2015, 17 days from home, and other supplies. It was his dad. It was his whole neighborhood. Mahmoud and his mother fight to live in the Mediterranean, but the Greek Coast Guard finally saves the family. He leaped to his feet, grabbed the arm of one of the men carrying his father, and tried to pull him off. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Please, take us with you!, At least take my sister! Mahmoud begged. They left the villages gravel road and hauled the boat over the dunes to the sea. He was about average height for his age, and he wore a gray double-breasted pin-stripe jacket, brown trousers, and a white shirt and blue tie. Some kids in Daraa, a city in southern Syria, were arrested and abused by the police for writing anti-Assad slogans on walls. Mahmoud heard explosions and saw smoke clouds, but no one cared about a few hundred Syrian people leaving the battlefield. He and Mahmoud had known each other for years, and even though Mahmoud was Sunni and Khalid was Shia, that had never mattered to them. Isabel put her hands to her mouth but couldnt help laughing again with everyone else. bomb, though, you needed walls. People were as thick on the ground as sugarcane. His head was bent low, but his voice was loud and clear. Bishar al-Assad. All the cows and pigs and sheep had been slaughtered and eaten. His breath came quick and deep, and his hands clenched into fists. Isabel waded into the water, the waves lapping up to the bottom of her shorts. It is revealed at the conclusion of the novel that Lito was Mariano Padron, the Cuban officer who rescued Josefs father, Aaron, when he jumped into the ocean decades before. They were headed for Hamburg, on the north coast, where his father would meet them to board their ship. This article discusses what its like to live in Syria during a conflict. There was a shattering sound in the next roomcrisssh! In order to survive, Mahmoud learned to stay invisible. Mahmoud grabs onto it, bringing, appears on the side of the boat and takes Hana from them. But maybe this is what becoming a man is, Josef thought. Thankyouthankyouthankyou. The Hitler Youth breathed hard, his face red like he was the one in trouble. He hadnt forgotten that if he were wearing his armband, this As her mother liked to say, Isabel could play the storm clouds from the sky. She had to find her father. Come stand guard for us! Renata cried. (Bishara 1993) The implication of such a position is that the Palestinian citizens in Israel do not take an active part in a classical anti-colonialist struggle, while . Nothing about him actually matched the pictures on Herr Meiers presentation on how to identify a Jew. Hands grabbed Isabel and helped her climb the side of the boatIvn! The car skids to a stop, and Youssef, Fatima (with Hana), Mahmoud: Kilis, Turkey 2015, 2 days from home, Mahmoud: Izmir, Turkey 2015, 4 days from home, Mahmoud: Izmir, Turkey 2015, 11 days from home (1), One week after the boat to Greece was originally supposed to arrive, the smuggler tells, Mahmoud: Izmir, Turkey 2015, 11 days from home (2), Mahmoud: Somewhere on the Mediterranean Sea 2015, 11 days from home (1), Mahmoud: Somewhere on the Mediterranean Sea 2015, 11 days from home (2), Fatima continues to sob at having given away Hana, and, Mahmoud: Somewhere on the Mediterranean Sea 2015, 11 days from home (3). It was hungry Cubans. Castro rambled on without a script, quoting novels and telling personal anecdotes about the Revolution. In the second it took for the sound to grow from a breeze to a tornado, Mahmoud dropped his pencil, put his hands to his ears, and threw himself under the kitchen table. I found us a ride, but we have to leave now.. Trauma and growing up: The novel highlights the cruelty of having to become an adult. But the only thing that matters to him in this moment is finding. She was only six years old. When Mahmoud and his family finally got to the front of the line, late in the day, Mahmouds father presented their official documents to the border agent. Until we can come back home. Its cold in Germany, Mahmoud said. A table at the front held a Torah scroll. Head down, hoodie up, eyes on the ground. Josef felt the heat of that embarrassment all over again, the humiliation of being talked about like he was an animal. I just have to grab a few things. Mom, no! Go, she told Mahmoud, pushing them all toward the door. One of the back tires exploded, and the car swerved wildly and screeched as his dad fought to keep control of it. Germany? How would they live? Mama spent weeks going from one government office to another, trying to find out where her husband was and how to get him back. -Graham S. The timeline below shows where the character Hana Bishara appears in. Papa was scaring her. Im Josef, he told the other girls when theyd all gathered themselves together. Incidents like this were common in Aleppo lately. It was a boat. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. His legs were like lead, and his eyes lost their focus. Well all go, while Castro is letting people out, she went on. She says that she thought, Frau Rosenburg explains that she was a refugee, too, and shows, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Record what books your kids are reading. It was him. The woman lurched out of the bathroom, looking even more green and desperate, and wobbled away. Maybe becoming a man means not relying on your father anymore. Josef stood and stared. Isabel sipped from a bottle of soda. Teachers and parents! They pluck Mahmoud and, Mahmoud: Lesbos, Greece, to Athens, Greece 2015, 12 days from home (3). Youll fall out of the boat! Isabels mother told him. (LogOut/ The circus is in town! Mahmoud looked around. Theyll come for me. Everyone was quiet at that. Other children darted in and out among the adults, laughing and chasing each other into the alleys of tents off the main drag. Being invisible was how he survived. He glanced around the little cabin like the walls were closing in. The ship was called the MS St. Louis. No, thought Josef. Mahmoud watched as these two boys attacked the boy with the bread, a boy he didnt even know. LitCharts Teacher Editions. They continue on with only the clothes on their backs and their smartphones, without a car or supplies. You made it! He understands that being unnoticed helps him avoid trouble, but he also begins to see the problems with remaining invisible, because it prevents good people from taking notice of them and providing aid. Ruth! Mama cried when she saw them. Complete your free account to request a guide. Complete your free account to request a guide. explaining through the translator that she is a toy designer. He felt tears come to his eyes and wiped them away. Mahmoud is 12 years old, he is kind of stoke has thick black eyebrows a strong nose and wears a hoodie. Isabel stood for what seemed like hours, her insides churning like a waterspout. After the week, they return to the mall but two men threaten them and demand an exorbitant amount of money in order to stay. It will be an adventure. man wouldnt be talking and laughing with him. Josef sacrifices himself in order to relieve his mother from the burden of this choice and to save his little sister Ruthie from the concentration camps. Were refugees! Mahmoud yelled, unable to stay silent any longer. He raised his hands to his ears and said, Allahu Akbar. God is the greatest. Get books for your students and raise funds for your classroom. In Refugee, Alan Gratz has . What would once have been a happy occasion in the Landau home was now fraught with anxiety, thanks to his fathers paranoia. Josef! He and his mother and sister would be put off the train, maybe even sent to a concentration camp. Refugee (Alan Gratz) Read the first paragraph of Ch.22 . Home. Even grumpy Seor Castillo chuckled. But if he looked right at them, they would Mahmoud and his familyWaleed, his mother Fatima, and baby sister Hanaescape the building just in time and it collapses behind them. Josef caught his reflection in one of the windows. Sell it, Isabel told him. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Isabel tossed an old ball cap on the ground, on the off chance that one of the tourists actually had a peso to spare. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. Gratz highlights parallels between Mahmouds, Isabels, and Josefs stories: all three are locked in oppressive and dangerous situations. The fisherman had to take it in trade. Go back south, one of the soldiers told Mahmouds father. Mahmoud: Hungary 2015, 16 days from home, Hours pass without food or water, and Mahmoud and Youssef dont know where Waleed and, Mahmoud and Youssef line up, they pass another cell for women and children and find, be sent back to Serbia. Isabel dodged through the crowds, trying to stay away from where the police had formed a line. And back again. Isabels heart soared, and she hopped up and down. No! Josef screamed. He treated them like real passengers. Waleed sat still as a statue, and he looked like one too. Castros face was everywhere in Cubaon billboards, on taxis, in picture frames on schoolroom walls, painted on the sides of buildings. Mahmoud Bishara is leaving Syria during the volatile regime of Bashar al-Assad in 2015. . Lots of them! The kitten gobbled up the last of the beans and mewed pitifully. He didnt even leave to go to the bathroom. (Al-Assad took military action against the rebel Syrians and the war continues to this day, although now in a much more confusing form. Everything else had to be left behind. Jewish. Had to go back for the phone, he told them. Thats what they wantedto get out of Syria using the fastest path possible. He has a mother, a father, a younger brother, and a baby sister. Isabel caught up with her father and grandfather, then parted ways with them on the Malecn, the broad road that curved along the seawall on Havana Harbor. One group is handing out diapers. Six months and eleven days! the Brownshirt said. Ivn gave names to everythingthe stray dogs who wandered the town, his bicycle, even his baseball glove. Change). And there were so many boats. Ive been talking to him on WhatsApp, Dad continued, holding up his phone. As her grandfather arrived and helped Isabel get her father to his feet, she understood. Too thin. Move. A car honked behind Mahmoud, and he turned like everybody else. She was almost to Papis outstretched arms when she saw her fathers eyes go wide. Josef watched as they dragged Papa away to the sounds of Mamas sobs and Ruths wails. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs It wasnt just his building that had been hit, he realized. All Isabel could see was the metal side of the boat in front of her face, but she heard a commotion behind her. Theyll come for us soon enough, he said. The wall of his apartment exploded, blasting broken bits of concrete and glass through the room. Mahmoud bishara lives in Aleppo, Syria in the year 2015. She wasnt paying any attention anyway. What do Mahmouds family keep hearing from the boat smugglers? PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. A boat to sail to the United States. What happens to Josef at the end of the book? Isabel hurried after her. Mahmouds mother was carrying their school backpacks, and she traded them for Hana. But each of them had an automatic rifle, which was really all that mattered. Tomorrow morning well have the sun to guide us. All that matters now is we get as far away from Cuba as we can, said Luiss girlfriend. But Josef remembered how it used to be. [2][3]. It has received positive reviews that praised its style and historical accuracy. Along with Isabel and Mahmoud, he is one of the books three protagonists. It had fallen five stories to the ground below, along with the outside wall. All she could think about was the ninety miles they still had to go, and the water pouring in from the gunshot hole in the side of the boat. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Tomorrow,' he'd told Mahmoud's father." Alan Gratz author Refugee book Youssef Bishara character despair refugees smugglers concepts 07 More police were arriving by motorcycle and military truck, and the protest was turning bloody. Isabel spends much of the dangerous trip acting as an adult: she takes care of her eight-and-a-half-months pregnant mother, Teresa; she saves Seor Castillo when he is thrown overboard by waves; and she spends much of the trip relentlessly bailing out water from their boat so that they can continue their journey. We need more writers. He waved a hand at all the magazines and newspapers. Ill be a man soon enough, Josef told them. We went out the back stairs, she told them. If your eyes were the sea, I would drown in them. Lito was giving her piropos, the flirtatious compliments Cuban men said to women on the street. She was already in the street when she stopped, ran to her backyard, and snatched up the little mewling kitten too. Each time they stop, Mahmouds mother searches frantically among the other refugees, looking for baby Hana. Luis, the older boy whod saved her from the policemans nightstick, wasnt home from work yet, and neither was his mother, Juaneta, who worked at the cooperative law office. Or else someone will catch her and eat her. We can wait our turn. The startled man at the front of the line motioned for them to go ahead, and Josefs mother thanked him. Straight brown hair slicked back from his pale white forehead, brown eyes behind wire-frame glasses that sat on a short nose, ears that stuck out maybe a little too far. Couldnt breathe! tatatat!and bullets pinged into the car. Isabel weaved in and out among them, her trumpet tucked under one arm, looking for Papi and Lito. One group is distributing diapers. Well, Fidel is thickheaded, Luis said. The only sound was the soft crack of a bat and the roar of the crowd on the television. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Lebanese Shia Muslims (Arabic: ), historically known as matwila (Arabic: , plural of mutawlin ([Lebanese pronounced as metouali]) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Shia branch of Islam in Lebanon, which plays a major role along Lebanon's main Sunni, Maronite and Druze sects. But when the building the Bishara's live in is hit and destroyed by a missile attack, the family knows it is time to leave Syria with its violent civil war behind and . Underneath this painting were the words, FIGHT AGAINST THE IMPOSSIBLE AND WIN. Maybe when yours is too, youll take up arms. Not until we reach Cuba. I dont want to go to Cuba, Ruth whined as the train got under way. Continue reading. Josefs family eventually chooses to emigrate by traveling to Cuba aboard the notorious MS St. Louis. A shabby-looking man stumbled out from behind the crates and luggage piled up on the dock, and Ruthie screamed. I wish from the bottom of my heart that you will land soon, Little Man, Officer Padron said again. Lights came on in houses nearby, and curtains ruffled as people looked out at the noise. Isabel covered her ears and stepped away. Asked by Bishara. [1] Similar novels written by Alan Gratz also include Prisoner B-3087 and Allies. Josef Landau, Isabel Fernandez, and Mahmoud Bisharaare the primary protagonists of Refugee. Shes a baby. Invisibility serves as a type of protection for Mahmoud; as he puts it, being invisible is how he lives. Getting spotted by the Syrian army or the rebels battling them [is] only courting danger, Mahmoud says. The Americans had a new policy everyone called Wet Foot, Dry Foot. If Cuban refugees were caught at sea with wet feet, they were sent to the US naval base at Guantanamo Bay, at the southern end of Cuba. And the worst part was, Klaus had joined them. I understand. (including. If you really . But they had never told Isabel and her family. He turned Josef this way and that, pointing out the curve of his nose, the slant of his chin. Papi! But she was too short and there were too many people. Mahmoud stayed in the classroom all day, never going to the bathroom or the playground.