For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. Loss of appetite. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. 22. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes. 1. For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. . Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. This is of such concern that people who are trying to overcome addiction to these substances should only do so under medical supervision. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. A person with asleep debtdoes not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. Common definitions of health include: a. optimal weight and endurance. One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. a. Psychometric analysis indicates that the ISS is composed of four principle components, producing four subscales. d. both b and c. 2. However, the success rate of such treatments is questionable. Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. C) the severity and duration of the problem. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. There are individual differences in regard to our sleep-wake cycle. While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. . In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. Asleep spindleis a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory (Fogel & Smith, 2011; Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). Loss of appetite. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. Weakness and fatigue. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. Obstructive sleep apneaoccurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. Quiz 1.docx - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 Complete the following Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. (credit: Laurie Avocado). PDF Internal States Scale and Reference - University of Washington The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. Nasal Congestion: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment - MedicineNet In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD.